How does sleep apnea contribute to cardiovascular disease?

Sleep apnea is associated with intermittent hypoxia, which is characterized by repeated episodes of oxygen shortage during sleep. This cycle of oxygen deprivation activates a series of physiological responses that can lead to cardiovascular disease. During these episodes, blood oxygen levels fall, leading to increased sympathetic nervous system activity, which raises heart rate and blood pressure. Additionally, this hypoxic condition stimulates the release of inflammatory mediators and stress hormones, which contribute to systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction over time.

The relevance of intermittent hypoxia is particularly significant because it can result in oxidative stress and the activation of pathways related to vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis. As these changes progress, there’s an increased risk of hypertension, arrhythmias, and even heart failure. Thus, the link between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease is significantly mediated by the negative effects of intermittent hypoxia on the cardiovascular system, making it a key factor in understanding how sleep apnea contributes to these health issues.