Which components make up the heart's conduction system?

The heart's conduction system is crucial for maintaining the rhythm of the heartbeat and ensuring that the heart pumps blood efficiently throughout the body. The components that make up this system include the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.

The SA node, often referred to as the natural pacemaker, initiates electrical impulses that trigger each heartbeat. These electrical signals spread throughout the atria, leading to their contraction and the movement of blood into the ventricles. The signal then reaches the AV node, which serves as a critical relay point. It processes and slightly delays the impulse before passing it on to the bundle of His, which transmits the signal down to the ventricles through the right and left bundle branches. Finally, the Purkinje fibers distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.

The other options listed do not pertain to the conduction system. The aorta, vena cava, and semilunar valves are part of the heart's structure and circulatory dynamics, not its electrical system. The coronary arteries and veins are involved in supplying blood to the heart muscle itself but